Process Paper
When deciding which topic to choose, we wanted a topic that fit the theme, one that was interesting, and one that would not be covered excessively. The waves of immigration into the United States interested us because they affected the culture of the country. We have ancestors who immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island in the immigration boom, so this topic was one to which we could personally relate.We found the idea of facilitating immigrants in their pursuit of a new life incredibly interesting and wanted to know more about how it started. We chose Ellis Island because it was a unique, influential, and interesting piece of American history.
To conduct our research, for one, we visited the Moody-Jones Library at Baylor University which was immensely helpful to us. We also used the West Waco Library and Genealogy Center and the McLennan County Community College Library to work on our project and find sources. With these sources, we developed a better understanding of the immigration center which contributed to the accuracy of our project. We also used many of these sources for visual purposes. In our historical website, we included slideshows with the aim of creating a mood for the site. Some sets create a feeling of pity for immigrants while others provide a mood of hope. We also included an interactive map, a 360˚ view of Ellis Island, and digital files of immigration laws to provide a variety of media.
Last year we advanced to state history fair in group historical website. We were already familiar with the use of http://nhd.weebly.com to make the website. This made it easy to make the project because it is very user friendly templates set up and no coding involved. On the same coin, there were plenty of themes available to us free of charge. We altered one to make it perfect for the topic. We used our homes and the library to work on our website. We worked individually and together to decide the perfect design for the site. We sought out the advice from the Photography teacher as well as the Visual Design teacher from our school. Also we observed the techniques and media usage of previous winners along with compiling our judging sheet from the previous year.
Ellis Island fits perfectly into this year’s theme for the National History Day, Turning Points in History: People, Ideas, Events, because it facilitated the growth of our country into what it is today. Without the process of citizenship made efficient by Ellis Island, in the most populous city in the U.S., immigration would not be a reality. Culture defines a country, and thanks to Ellis Island, the culture of the United States encompasses that of every country in the world. For many people, Ellis Island became the turning point in their family tree. Ellis Island meant safety from racial and religious persecution and from extreme poverty. The Island of Hope
gave millions of people the opportunity to be American.
(500 words)
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Books
Abbott, Edith. Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records,. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1924. Print. This book showed firsthand records and documents of the immigration that came through Ellis Island. It demonstrated the different ethnicities that came through the doors of Ellis Island.
Hansen, Marcus Lee, and Arthur M. Schlesinger. The Immigrant in American History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1940. Print. This book explains the experience of immigration over time. With it we developed a better understanding of European immigration to the United States. This book gave us many different statistics regarding the ages of different immigrants as well as where they came from.
Ross, Edward Alsworth, Ph.D., L.L.D. The Old World in the New; the Significance of past and Present Immigration to the American People,. New York: Century, 1914. Print. This book displayed the way the cultures bonded together in America. Displayed many different types of struggles immigrants had coming to America.
Interviews
Anderson, Charles T. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview of Charles T. Anderson, an immigrant from Sweden. Charles tells about his personal struggles as he makes his journey to Ellis Island to start a new life.
Baker, Bill. "Bill Baker." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This story of a physician's son tells about his life growing up with the immigration boom. The father tells how policy's changed as more immigrants came to america.
Baker, James, M.D. "Dr. James Baker." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a naval doctor gave the insight of a doctor's life during the immigration boom. The doctor told about how medicine evolved and changed with more population.
Barondess, Barbera "A Female Perspective." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. In this interview, Barbera Barondess shares a female perspective of 1920s immigration. Barbera tells her experiences, she would walk down the street and see many different colored people and she soon realized that the population was expanding rather quickly.
Belford, Estelle Schwartz. "Estelle Schwartz Belford." Interview. Arrival at Ellis Island. History. HIST, New York, New York, 9 July 2011. Television. This television interview of a woman who came to America as a young girl tells about the fast-paced scene of 1920's Ellis Island. She tells about how long it took to get through the inspection process and what all she had to present to be able to come to come to America.
Berger, Mel. "Mel Berger." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a Coast Guardsmen talks about his military experience at the island. He tells about the different immigrants he inspected in all his years as a Guardsmen.
Brown, Alexander. "Rumanian American." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview explores the life of a Rumanian American.
Caramando, Paulina. "Paulina Caramando." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. In this interview, a woman speaks of her joy that her father brought the family to America, because her home in Sicily was bombed during WWII.
Cheifetz, Aaron. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Aaron Cheifetz from Russia. He tells how his experiences were during the trip to Ellis Island.
Dimarzio, Cesare "Growing Up in Little Italy." Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview of an Italian immigrant talks about life in Little Italy.
Field, Burton, D.D.S. "Dr. Burton Field." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a dental intern told about life in the Marine Hospital.
Gallo, Joseph. "Joseph Gallo." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. In this interview of a first generation immigrant, Joseph Gallo tells his family's story of their journey to America.
Germi, Josephine S. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island n.d.: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Josephine Germi. The interview was conducted to see what experiences were like for immigrants.
Johnson, Thomas. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration: Interview 004." Interview. Voices From Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is a interview with Thomas Jefferson, an immigrant that came through Ellis Island. Thomas tells about his personal experiences.
Kleinman, Oscar. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration: 001." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Oscar Kleinman from Poland in 1921. Oscar tells about his personal experiences at Ellis Island.
Larsen, Clara. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Clara Larsen from Russia in 1920. Clara tells about her personal experiences.
Lenhart, Eleanor Ruth Kenderline "An Outsider Immigrant." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. In An Outsider Immigrant, Eleanor Ruth Kenderline Lenhart talks about the life of an uncommon immigrant, a British American. She speaks of how her culture wasn't really involved in the immigration boom.
Mossini, Peter. "Peter Mossini." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. Peter Mossini speaks of how he emigrated as a young man. He says that in Italy, his family was poor, and he never went to school. In America, he had the opportunity to buy a sanitation business and later open a restaurant. Mossini became a product of Ellis Island immigration and was offered a new chance at life.
Nelson, Samuel. "Immigration Experience." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview of a russian immigrant who came to the U.S. in 1885. This helped us understand the process of naturalization the immigrants had to go through in order to become citizens.
Palmiero, Angelica. "Angelina Palmiero." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Word 1997: n. pag. Print. This interview of a Sicilian immigrant talks about the class systems in the workplace,stating,"The Jewish people owned the factories, the Italian people worked.
Salerni, Guerino. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview from immigrant Guerino Salerni from Italy in 1906. Guerino tells about his struggles to get himself and his family to Ellis Island.
Taldon, Felice. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Felice Taldone from Italy in 1924. He tells about his troubles that he experienced at Ellis Island.
Vina, Mario. "Mario Vina." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. Mario Vina talks about his experience coming to The U.S. through Ellis Island and how he went on to be a National Guardsmen. To Vina, Ellis was truly an "island of hope," because it led him to a life he couldn't have lived in Italy.
"Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview by Rebecca Santlofer. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Rebecca Santlofer from Polandin 1920. Rebecca tells about her struggles once she got to Ellis Island, with the doctors.
"Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview by Sam Isak. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This interview is with immigrant Sam Isak from Romania in 1947. Sam had many troubles once he got into Ellis Island, he was deported and sent back to Romania because he wasn't physically fit.
Newspaper Articles
Branch, Howell. "ELLIS ISLAND WAR HOSPITAL." The New York Times 24 Feb. 1918: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article told the citizens of New York about some changes soon to come to Ellis Island. The island was to be turned into a military hospital to provide care for approximately 7,000 soldiers and 5,000 sailors. The hospital was never built and the island stayed in operation.
"CHARGES SCANDALS ON ELLIS ISLAND; Bennet Attacks Commissioner Howe on House Floor for Alleged Immoral Conditions. SAYS HE IS NEGLIGENT Arraigns Him as a "Half-Baked Radical," Whose Policies Threaten New York City. CHARGES SCANDALS ON ELLIS ISLAND." The New York Times 19 July 1916: n. pag. Print. This article explores an issue of separation between male and female immigrants on Ellis Island.
Curran, Henry H. "ELLIS ISLAND.; The Commissioner of Immigration Shows How He Is Hampered." The New York Times 4 Aug. 1924: n. pag. Print. This article explains the actions Ellis Island took with cases of insanity and other disabilities.
Steinback, Ronald. "CURRAN SEES A PLOT TO END ELLIS ISLAND; Charges Secretary Husband Is One of Officials Planning to Abolish It. WASHINGTON EXPLAINS Says Landing of British After Examination Abroad Is Purely Experimental." The New York Times 12 Aug. 1925: n. pag. Print. This article shares some of the questionable procedures that went on at Ellis Island that led to the scare of a shutdown.
Williams, William. "NEED OF ELLIS ISLAND.; Important and Delicate Work Not Yet Facilitated." The New York Times 30 Nov. 1912: n. pag. Print. This article shed light on the needs of renovation at Ellis Island in the early 1900s.
Photographs
Anderson, Jeffrey. Female Physician Examining Female Immigrant. 1905. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo of a woman physician from the Public Health Service examining a female immigrant in 1905 displays the process of arrival for new Americans.
Arel, Jared. Postcard of Ellis Island. 1951. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This picture of Ellis Island in 1951 showed the island while in its last years of activity.
Ban, Emily. N.d. Photograph. Ethnical Culture Fieldston School, New York. Ethnical Culture Fieldston School. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. We used this photo of a Jewish restaurant to emphasize the culture that immigrant brought to the United States.
Baumholder, Winston. INS Ferry. 1925. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a photo of the INS ferry that transported immigrants between Ellis Island and Battery Park from 1904 to 1954.
Belmonte, Rockne. Annie Moore. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a picture of the first immigrant to come to Ellis Island. We used this photograph in our website to show an ordinary immigrant.
Brooks, Vincent. Immigrant Cartoon. 1879. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo showed the way society looked at immigrants.
Collins, Richard. Transfer Ferry. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this picture of a ferry to help show the process of naturalization.
Dorian, Christopher. Examination of Immigrant. 1926. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo of a mental examination of an immigrant by two Public Health Service surgeons and a psychiatrist showed us the ways the doctors examined immigrants.
Elliot, Maxwell. Italian Immigrant. 1926. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This picture of a young Italian immigrant carrying his own baggage shows how the amount of resources used to travel was limited.
Holden, Kevin. Money Exchange at Ellis Island. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of a mother and daughter in line at the money exchange run by the American Express company in the main building at Ellis Island shows the events that had to take place before the immigrants could function in society.
Hoskins, Anne. Ellis Island on a Misty Day. 1980. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of Ellis Island showed us the remaining building that functions as a museum today.
Lewis, David. Ocean View of Ellis Island. 1920. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This ocean view of Ellis Island shows us how appears from the water.
Lozano, Deborah. Little Italy Banner. 2004. Photograph. New York 2004, New York. Dries Buytaert. Drupal, 14 June 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. This photo of a banner stating,"Welcome to Little Italy" shows how the immigration boom has left a lasting impact on the culture of New York City today.
Museum of Jewish Heritage NYC. N.d. Photograph. New York Points of Interest, New York. http://www.nypi.net/author/nypi/. New York Points of Interest. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nypi.net/new-york-museum-of-jewish-heritage/>. We used this photo of The Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City to show how Ellis Island made the country culturally diverse.
Palimino, Kira. Ciao Bella! Benvenuti a Little Italy! 2011. Photograph. As Told by Kira, New York. As Told by Kira. Blogspot, 11 May 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://astoldbykira.blogspot.com/2011/05/ciao-bella-benvenuti-little-italy.html>. This photograph displays an Italian restaurant in Little Italy. Ciao Bella! Benvenuti a Little Italy! shows another way that immigration changed the culture of NYC and the U.S.
Pham, Li. Parade. 2008. Photograph. Explore Chinatown, New York. Explore Chinatown. Chinatown Partnership, 18 June 2009. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.explorechinatown.com/>. This photo of the Chinese New Year Parade of 2008 shows how the immigrants never lost their culture after they moved.
Reed, Neil. Marine Doctors at Barge Office. 1899. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a photo of some Marine Hospital Service doctors standing outside the Barge Office in Battery Park in 1899. It shows the building structure of the island.
Rogers, Julius. Interior of an Abandoned Building. 1909. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this photograph of the interior of an abandoned building to show how the inside of the buildings were designed.
Sencer, David. Public Health Service Staff. 1924. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of the Public Health Service staff in front of the immigrant hospital taken in 1924 showed the way that the PHS staff was viewed and the importance of their position.
Sender, Joseph. Immigrant Family. 1905. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this picture on the website to show what life was like for immigrants after they left Ellis Island.
Taylor, Spencer. Medical Staff. 1918. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo exhibited the medical staff and told us that there were 15 medical buildings on the island.
Tolliver, Donald. The Main Building on Ellis Island as It Looks Today. 1996. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo was used to display the look of modern Ellis Island.
Vanderland, S. S. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the United. 20 Mar. 1909. Raw data. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. This public record of incoming immigrants from Antwerp provides us factual information of the immigration boom.
Wright, Henry. Winter of 1911. 1911. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this photo in our website to display a normal view of Ellis Island during the time of immigration.
Public Law
Emergency Quota Act of 1921. Pub. L. 1912-1923, 1921. United States Statutes at Large (1921) 5-7. Print. We used this government act as a visual for the viewer.
Immigration Act of 1891. Pub. L. 1887-1891, March 3, 1891. United States Statutes at Large (1891) 1084-1087. Print. We used this primary document as a reference integrated into the site.
Immigration Act of 1924. Pub. L. 1981-1925, 1924. United States Statutes at Large (1924) 153-170. Print. We used this government document to further enhance our research.
Secondary Sources
Books
Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008. Print. This book gave us an insight on the immigrants through their journey to America and in the US.
Cannato, Vincent J. American Passage: The History of Ellis Island. New York: Harper, 2009. Print. This book gave us a lot of background information also gave us insight of how immigrants came into the United States.
Coan, Peter M. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. Print. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words gave several stories of first generation immigrants who became naturalized through Ellis Island.
Dudley, William. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1990. Print. This book told about how Ellis Island and the immigration boom affects the people of today.
Ellis Island Development Concept Plan: Final Environmental Impact Statement ; Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 2005. Print. Ellis Island Development Concept Plan: Final Environmental Impact Statement ; Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island gave us the plans of what the future holds for modern Ellis Island.
Fisher, Leonard Everett. Ellis Island: Gateway to the New World. New York: Holiday House, 1986. Print. This book included photographs from immigrants originally sailing to the United States. We used these pictures in our website.
Handlin, Oscar. A Pictorial History of Immigration. New York: Crown, 1972. Print. We used pictures from this book to emphasize the feelings that came from immigrating through Ellis Island.
Hayes, Patrick J. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas.
Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas is organized around a series of four dozen in-depth essays on specific aspects of American immigration history since the founding of the Republic. It helps us understand the ways of travel the immigrants took.
Hayes, Patrick J. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. The second volume of the Making of Modern Immigration goes more in depth of the policies in place at Ellis Island.
Isbister, John. The Immigration Debate: Remaking America. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian, 1996. Print. The Immigration Debate: Remaking America gave us a history of the many events, including the opening and closing of Ellis Island, that shaped our nation.
Jacobs, William Jay. Ellis Island: New Hope in a New Land. New York: C. Scribner's, 1990. Print. This book provided information about the positive effects of Ellis Island. It also shines a light on some of the issues in the center.
Kennedy, John F. A Nation of Immigrants. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. Print. A Nation of Immigrants supported our thesis in that Ellis Island created diversity in the United States.
Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Berkeley: University of California, 1990. Print. This book displayed how immigrants came to America in different ways.
Reeves, Pamela. Ellis Island: Gateway to the American Dream. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1998. Print. There are high quality photos in this book that we used for slideshows in our Shapiro, Mary J. Gateway to Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. New York: Vintage, 1986. Print. This book displayed on a deeper level the importance of the island.
Stein, R. Conrad. Ellis Island. Chicago: Childrens, 1992. Print. This book provided us with original source pictures for our website in order to establish a mood through visuals.
Tifft, Wilton S. Ellis Island. Chicago: Contemporary, 1990. Print. This book helped us find useful pictures that gave us insight of how immigrants were processed.
Tyler, Poyntz. Immigration and the United States. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1956. Print. Immigration and the United States told us about the ways that Ellis Island affected immigration in America.
Unrau, Harlan D. Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1984. Print. This book gave us everything to know about the museum at Ellis Island, including floor plans, records, and reports.
Yang, Philip Q. Post-1965 Immigration to the United States: Structural Determinants. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. Print. This book showed how immigration was affected by the closing of the island.
Film
Arrival at Ellis Island. Dir. Paul James. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.com/videos/arrival-at-ellis-island>. This video contains footage from passages to Ellis Island. It also has readings of notes from the 1800 made by passengers.
Journal Article
McCune, Mary. "Immigrants, Family, and "Ellis Island Whiteness"" Journal of American Ethnic History 30.4 (2011): 25-30. Print. An essay is presented on the film “Avalon,” written and directed by Barry Levinson. Emphasis is given to its application as a teaching tool for American immigration and ethnic history. According to the author, the film can offer valuable lessons on immigrants' assimilation into capitalistic American society, but it does not draw enough attention to the experiences of individual ethnic groups. Portrayals of gender and whiteness in the film are also discussed.
Websites
"Ellis Island: Then and Now." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/interactives/ellis-island>. We used an interactive picture displaying Ellis Island in 1892 and now. We implemented it into our website.
Diner, Hasia, and Shira Kohn. "The American Family Immigration History Center." Ellis Island - FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search. Journal of American History 97.1 (2010): 291-292. Academic Search Complete., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. <http://ellisisland.org/>. The article reviews the web site The American Family Immigration History Center, located at http://www.ellisisland.org, created and maintained by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc.
Newman, Kathy M. "America: Through an Immigrant's Eyes." America Through an Immigrants Eyes. MasterFILE Premier, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. The article reviews eight permanent exhibitions depicting the lives of individual immigrants to America. Housed in the Frank and Sylvia Pasquerilla Heritage Discovery Center in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, the museum depicts eight true stories of Johnstown immigrants, including a Slovakian girl, a Polish orphan, a Polish farmhand, a Slovak butcher, a Bohemian farmhand, a goose farmer, an Italian peasant, and a Russian Jew. Another part of the museum recreates racially biased Ellis Island characters, work and accident scenes, a wedding, a basketball team, and a singing club.
Songs
Cave, Nick, Nick Cave, Warren Ellis, Marty Casey, Luke Cave, and Gerard McCann. The Assassination of Jesse James by The Coward Robert Ford Music from the Motion Picture. Mute Corp., 2007. MP3. We used a portion of this instrumental piece on our home page. In combination with a large-frame slide show, it builds a mood for the rest of the site.
A Tribute to Neil Diamond. "Coming to America." Rec. 24 Sept. 2012. DigiTrax Entertainment LCC, 2012. MP3. We used a clip of the instrumental version of the Neil Diamond hit "America" to introduce an excitement of a new life in the land of opportunity.
Books
Abbott, Edith. Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records,. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1924. Print. This book showed firsthand records and documents of the immigration that came through Ellis Island. It demonstrated the different ethnicities that came through the doors of Ellis Island.
Hansen, Marcus Lee, and Arthur M. Schlesinger. The Immigrant in American History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1940. Print. This book explains the experience of immigration over time. With it we developed a better understanding of European immigration to the United States. This book gave us many different statistics regarding the ages of different immigrants as well as where they came from.
Ross, Edward Alsworth, Ph.D., L.L.D. The Old World in the New; the Significance of past and Present Immigration to the American People,. New York: Century, 1914. Print. This book displayed the way the cultures bonded together in America. Displayed many different types of struggles immigrants had coming to America.
Interviews
Anderson, Charles T. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview of Charles T. Anderson, an immigrant from Sweden. Charles tells about his personal struggles as he makes his journey to Ellis Island to start a new life.
Baker, Bill. "Bill Baker." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This story of a physician's son tells about his life growing up with the immigration boom. The father tells how policy's changed as more immigrants came to america.
Baker, James, M.D. "Dr. James Baker." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a naval doctor gave the insight of a doctor's life during the immigration boom. The doctor told about how medicine evolved and changed with more population.
Barondess, Barbera "A Female Perspective." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. In this interview, Barbera Barondess shares a female perspective of 1920s immigration. Barbera tells her experiences, she would walk down the street and see many different colored people and she soon realized that the population was expanding rather quickly.
Belford, Estelle Schwartz. "Estelle Schwartz Belford." Interview. Arrival at Ellis Island. History. HIST, New York, New York, 9 July 2011. Television. This television interview of a woman who came to America as a young girl tells about the fast-paced scene of 1920's Ellis Island. She tells about how long it took to get through the inspection process and what all she had to present to be able to come to come to America.
Berger, Mel. "Mel Berger." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a Coast Guardsmen talks about his military experience at the island. He tells about the different immigrants he inspected in all his years as a Guardsmen.
Brown, Alexander. "Rumanian American." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview explores the life of a Rumanian American.
Caramando, Paulina. "Paulina Caramando." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. In this interview, a woman speaks of her joy that her father brought the family to America, because her home in Sicily was bombed during WWII.
Cheifetz, Aaron. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Aaron Cheifetz from Russia. He tells how his experiences were during the trip to Ellis Island.
Dimarzio, Cesare "Growing Up in Little Italy." Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview of an Italian immigrant talks about life in Little Italy.
Field, Burton, D.D.S. "Dr. Burton Field." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. This interview of a dental intern told about life in the Marine Hospital.
Gallo, Joseph. "Joseph Gallo." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. In this interview of a first generation immigrant, Joseph Gallo tells his family's story of their journey to America.
Germi, Josephine S. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island n.d.: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Josephine Germi. The interview was conducted to see what experiences were like for immigrants.
Johnson, Thomas. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration: Interview 004." Interview. Voices From Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is a interview with Thomas Jefferson, an immigrant that came through Ellis Island. Thomas tells about his personal experiences.
Kleinman, Oscar. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration: 001." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Oscar Kleinman from Poland in 1921. Oscar tells about his personal experiences at Ellis Island.
Larsen, Clara. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Clara Larsen from Russia in 1920. Clara tells about her personal experiences.
Lenhart, Eleanor Ruth Kenderline "An Outsider Immigrant." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. In An Outsider Immigrant, Eleanor Ruth Kenderline Lenhart talks about the life of an uncommon immigrant, a British American. She speaks of how her culture wasn't really involved in the immigration boom.
Mossini, Peter. "Peter Mossini." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. Peter Mossini speaks of how he emigrated as a young man. He says that in Italy, his family was poor, and he never went to school. In America, he had the opportunity to buy a sanitation business and later open a restaurant. Mossini became a product of Ellis Island immigration and was offered a new chance at life.
Nelson, Samuel. "Immigration Experience." Interview by Edward Applebome. Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History Immigration Interview 1985: n. pag. Print. This interview of a russian immigrant who came to the U.S. in 1885. This helped us understand the process of naturalization the immigrants had to go through in order to become citizens.
Palmiero, Angelica. "Angelina Palmiero." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Word 1997: n. pag. Print. This interview of a Sicilian immigrant talks about the class systems in the workplace,stating,"The Jewish people owned the factories, the Italian people worked.
Salerni, Guerino. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview from immigrant Guerino Salerni from Italy in 1906. Guerino tells about his struggles to get himself and his family to Ellis Island.
Taldon, Felice. "Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Felice Taldone from Italy in 1924. He tells about his troubles that he experienced at Ellis Island.
Vina, Mario. "Mario Vina." Interview. Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories in Their Own Words 2004: n. pag. Print. Mario Vina talks about his experience coming to The U.S. through Ellis Island and how he went on to be a National Guardsmen. To Vina, Ellis was truly an "island of hope," because it led him to a life he couldn't have lived in Italy.
"Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview by Rebecca Santlofer. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This is an interview with Rebecca Santlofer from Polandin 1920. Rebecca tells about her struggles once she got to Ellis Island, with the doctors.
"Voices from Ellis Island: An Oral History of American Immigration." Interview by Sam Isak. Voices from Ellis Island 1987: n. pag. Print. This interview is with immigrant Sam Isak from Romania in 1947. Sam had many troubles once he got into Ellis Island, he was deported and sent back to Romania because he wasn't physically fit.
Newspaper Articles
Branch, Howell. "ELLIS ISLAND WAR HOSPITAL." The New York Times 24 Feb. 1918: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article told the citizens of New York about some changes soon to come to Ellis Island. The island was to be turned into a military hospital to provide care for approximately 7,000 soldiers and 5,000 sailors. The hospital was never built and the island stayed in operation.
"CHARGES SCANDALS ON ELLIS ISLAND; Bennet Attacks Commissioner Howe on House Floor for Alleged Immoral Conditions. SAYS HE IS NEGLIGENT Arraigns Him as a "Half-Baked Radical," Whose Policies Threaten New York City. CHARGES SCANDALS ON ELLIS ISLAND." The New York Times 19 July 1916: n. pag. Print. This article explores an issue of separation between male and female immigrants on Ellis Island.
Curran, Henry H. "ELLIS ISLAND.; The Commissioner of Immigration Shows How He Is Hampered." The New York Times 4 Aug. 1924: n. pag. Print. This article explains the actions Ellis Island took with cases of insanity and other disabilities.
Steinback, Ronald. "CURRAN SEES A PLOT TO END ELLIS ISLAND; Charges Secretary Husband Is One of Officials Planning to Abolish It. WASHINGTON EXPLAINS Says Landing of British After Examination Abroad Is Purely Experimental." The New York Times 12 Aug. 1925: n. pag. Print. This article shares some of the questionable procedures that went on at Ellis Island that led to the scare of a shutdown.
Williams, William. "NEED OF ELLIS ISLAND.; Important and Delicate Work Not Yet Facilitated." The New York Times 30 Nov. 1912: n. pag. Print. This article shed light on the needs of renovation at Ellis Island in the early 1900s.
Photographs
Anderson, Jeffrey. Female Physician Examining Female Immigrant. 1905. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo of a woman physician from the Public Health Service examining a female immigrant in 1905 displays the process of arrival for new Americans.
Arel, Jared. Postcard of Ellis Island. 1951. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This picture of Ellis Island in 1951 showed the island while in its last years of activity.
Ban, Emily. N.d. Photograph. Ethnical Culture Fieldston School, New York. Ethnical Culture Fieldston School. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. We used this photo of a Jewish restaurant to emphasize the culture that immigrant brought to the United States.
Baumholder, Winston. INS Ferry. 1925. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a photo of the INS ferry that transported immigrants between Ellis Island and Battery Park from 1904 to 1954.
Belmonte, Rockne. Annie Moore. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a picture of the first immigrant to come to Ellis Island. We used this photograph in our website to show an ordinary immigrant.
Brooks, Vincent. Immigrant Cartoon. 1879. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo showed the way society looked at immigrants.
Collins, Richard. Transfer Ferry. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this picture of a ferry to help show the process of naturalization.
Dorian, Christopher. Examination of Immigrant. 1926. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo of a mental examination of an immigrant by two Public Health Service surgeons and a psychiatrist showed us the ways the doctors examined immigrants.
Elliot, Maxwell. Italian Immigrant. 1926. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This picture of a young Italian immigrant carrying his own baggage shows how the amount of resources used to travel was limited.
Holden, Kevin. Money Exchange at Ellis Island. 1910. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of a mother and daughter in line at the money exchange run by the American Express company in the main building at Ellis Island shows the events that had to take place before the immigrants could function in society.
Hoskins, Anne. Ellis Island on a Misty Day. 1980. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of Ellis Island showed us the remaining building that functions as a museum today.
Lewis, David. Ocean View of Ellis Island. 1920. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This ocean view of Ellis Island shows us how appears from the water.
Lozano, Deborah. Little Italy Banner. 2004. Photograph. New York 2004, New York. Dries Buytaert. Drupal, 14 June 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. This photo of a banner stating,"Welcome to Little Italy" shows how the immigration boom has left a lasting impact on the culture of New York City today.
Museum of Jewish Heritage NYC. N.d. Photograph. New York Points of Interest, New York. http://www.nypi.net/author/nypi/. New York Points of Interest. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nypi.net/new-york-museum-of-jewish-heritage/>. We used this photo of The Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City to show how Ellis Island made the country culturally diverse.
Palimino, Kira. Ciao Bella! Benvenuti a Little Italy! 2011. Photograph. As Told by Kira, New York. As Told by Kira. Blogspot, 11 May 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://astoldbykira.blogspot.com/2011/05/ciao-bella-benvenuti-little-italy.html>. This photograph displays an Italian restaurant in Little Italy. Ciao Bella! Benvenuti a Little Italy! shows another way that immigration changed the culture of NYC and the U.S.
Pham, Li. Parade. 2008. Photograph. Explore Chinatown, New York. Explore Chinatown. Chinatown Partnership, 18 June 2009. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.explorechinatown.com/>. This photo of the Chinese New Year Parade of 2008 shows how the immigrants never lost their culture after they moved.
Reed, Neil. Marine Doctors at Barge Office. 1899. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This is a photo of some Marine Hospital Service doctors standing outside the Barge Office in Battery Park in 1899. It shows the building structure of the island.
Rogers, Julius. Interior of an Abandoned Building. 1909. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this photograph of the interior of an abandoned building to show how the inside of the buildings were designed.
Sencer, David. Public Health Service Staff. 1924. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photograph of the Public Health Service staff in front of the immigrant hospital taken in 1924 showed the way that the PHS staff was viewed and the importance of their position.
Sender, Joseph. Immigrant Family. 1905. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this picture on the website to show what life was like for immigrants after they left Ellis Island.
Taylor, Spencer. Medical Staff. 1918. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo exhibited the medical staff and told us that there were 15 medical buildings on the island.
Tolliver, Donald. The Main Building on Ellis Island as It Looks Today. 1996. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Fact on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. This photo was used to display the look of modern Ellis Island.
Vanderland, S. S. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the United. 20 Mar. 1909. Raw data. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. This public record of incoming immigrants from Antwerp provides us factual information of the immigration boom.
Wright, Henry. Winter of 1911. 1911. Photograph. National Parks Service Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. N. pag. Print. We used this photo in our website to display a normal view of Ellis Island during the time of immigration.
Public Law
Emergency Quota Act of 1921. Pub. L. 1912-1923, 1921. United States Statutes at Large (1921) 5-7. Print. We used this government act as a visual for the viewer.
Immigration Act of 1891. Pub. L. 1887-1891, March 3, 1891. United States Statutes at Large (1891) 1084-1087. Print. We used this primary document as a reference integrated into the site.
Immigration Act of 1924. Pub. L. 1981-1925, 1924. United States Statutes at Large (1924) 153-170. Print. We used this government document to further enhance our research.
Secondary Sources
Books
Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008. Print. This book gave us an insight on the immigrants through their journey to America and in the US.
Cannato, Vincent J. American Passage: The History of Ellis Island. New York: Harper, 2009. Print. This book gave us a lot of background information also gave us insight of how immigrants came into the United States.
Coan, Peter M. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words. New York: Facts on File, 1997. Print. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words gave several stories of first generation immigrants who became naturalized through Ellis Island.
Dudley, William. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1990. Print. This book told about how Ellis Island and the immigration boom affects the people of today.
Ellis Island Development Concept Plan: Final Environmental Impact Statement ; Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 2005. Print. Ellis Island Development Concept Plan: Final Environmental Impact Statement ; Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island gave us the plans of what the future holds for modern Ellis Island.
Fisher, Leonard Everett. Ellis Island: Gateway to the New World. New York: Holiday House, 1986. Print. This book included photographs from immigrants originally sailing to the United States. We used these pictures in our website.
Handlin, Oscar. A Pictorial History of Immigration. New York: Crown, 1972. Print. We used pictures from this book to emphasize the feelings that came from immigrating through Ellis Island.
Hayes, Patrick J. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas.
Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas is organized around a series of four dozen in-depth essays on specific aspects of American immigration history since the founding of the Republic. It helps us understand the ways of travel the immigrants took.
Hayes, Patrick J. The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Print. The second volume of the Making of Modern Immigration goes more in depth of the policies in place at Ellis Island.
Isbister, John. The Immigration Debate: Remaking America. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian, 1996. Print. The Immigration Debate: Remaking America gave us a history of the many events, including the opening and closing of Ellis Island, that shaped our nation.
Jacobs, William Jay. Ellis Island: New Hope in a New Land. New York: C. Scribner's, 1990. Print. This book provided information about the positive effects of Ellis Island. It also shines a light on some of the issues in the center.
Kennedy, John F. A Nation of Immigrants. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. Print. A Nation of Immigrants supported our thesis in that Ellis Island created diversity in the United States.
Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Berkeley: University of California, 1990. Print. This book displayed how immigrants came to America in different ways.
Reeves, Pamela. Ellis Island: Gateway to the American Dream. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1998. Print. There are high quality photos in this book that we used for slideshows in our Shapiro, Mary J. Gateway to Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. New York: Vintage, 1986. Print. This book displayed on a deeper level the importance of the island.
Stein, R. Conrad. Ellis Island. Chicago: Childrens, 1992. Print. This book provided us with original source pictures for our website in order to establish a mood through visuals.
Tifft, Wilton S. Ellis Island. Chicago: Contemporary, 1990. Print. This book helped us find useful pictures that gave us insight of how immigrants were processed.
Tyler, Poyntz. Immigration and the United States. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1956. Print. Immigration and the United States told us about the ways that Ellis Island affected immigration in America.
Unrau, Harlan D. Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1984. Print. This book gave us everything to know about the museum at Ellis Island, including floor plans, records, and reports.
Yang, Philip Q. Post-1965 Immigration to the United States: Structural Determinants. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. Print. This book showed how immigration was affected by the closing of the island.
Film
Arrival at Ellis Island. Dir. Paul James. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.com/videos/arrival-at-ellis-island>. This video contains footage from passages to Ellis Island. It also has readings of notes from the 1800 made by passengers.
Journal Article
McCune, Mary. "Immigrants, Family, and "Ellis Island Whiteness"" Journal of American Ethnic History 30.4 (2011): 25-30. Print. An essay is presented on the film “Avalon,” written and directed by Barry Levinson. Emphasis is given to its application as a teaching tool for American immigration and ethnic history. According to the author, the film can offer valuable lessons on immigrants' assimilation into capitalistic American society, but it does not draw enough attention to the experiences of individual ethnic groups. Portrayals of gender and whiteness in the film are also discussed.
Websites
"Ellis Island: Then and Now." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/interactives/ellis-island>. We used an interactive picture displaying Ellis Island in 1892 and now. We implemented it into our website.
Diner, Hasia, and Shira Kohn. "The American Family Immigration History Center." Ellis Island - FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search. Journal of American History 97.1 (2010): 291-292. Academic Search Complete., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. <http://ellisisland.org/>. The article reviews the web site The American Family Immigration History Center, located at http://www.ellisisland.org, created and maintained by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc.
Newman, Kathy M. "America: Through an Immigrant's Eyes." America Through an Immigrants Eyes. MasterFILE Premier, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. The article reviews eight permanent exhibitions depicting the lives of individual immigrants to America. Housed in the Frank and Sylvia Pasquerilla Heritage Discovery Center in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, the museum depicts eight true stories of Johnstown immigrants, including a Slovakian girl, a Polish orphan, a Polish farmhand, a Slovak butcher, a Bohemian farmhand, a goose farmer, an Italian peasant, and a Russian Jew. Another part of the museum recreates racially biased Ellis Island characters, work and accident scenes, a wedding, a basketball team, and a singing club.
Songs
Cave, Nick, Nick Cave, Warren Ellis, Marty Casey, Luke Cave, and Gerard McCann. The Assassination of Jesse James by The Coward Robert Ford Music from the Motion Picture. Mute Corp., 2007. MP3. We used a portion of this instrumental piece on our home page. In combination with a large-frame slide show, it builds a mood for the rest of the site.
A Tribute to Neil Diamond. "Coming to America." Rec. 24 Sept. 2012. DigiTrax Entertainment LCC, 2012. MP3. We used a clip of the instrumental version of the Neil Diamond hit "America" to introduce an excitement of a new life in the land of opportunity.